See Provider Bridging (PB).

A hosted hypervisor that performs hardware virtualization. QEMU emulates CPUs through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of device models enabling it to run a variety of unmodified guest operating systems. QEMU also can be used together with KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) to run virtual machines at near-native speed (requiring hardware virtualization extensions on x86 machines). QEMU can also be used purely for CPU emulation for user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one architecture to be run on another.

The ability to guarantee the delivery, control the bandwidth, set priorities for specific network traffic, and provide an appropriate level of security. QoS provides a level of predictability and control beyond the best effort delivery that a device provides by default.

See also Class of Service (CoS).

An end-to-end congestion management scheme for protocols capable of transmission rate limiting. Defined by IEEE 802.1Qau.