This chapter provides an overview of Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) and its implementation with OcNOS. VRRP eliminates the risk of a single point of failure inherent in a static default routing environment. It specifies an election protocol that dynamically assigns responsibility for a virtual router to one of the VRRP routers on a LAN. One of the major advantages of VRRP is that it makes default path available without requiring configuration of dynamic routing on every end-host.

OcNOS only supports VRRP protocol version 3.

Terms related to VRRP configuration are defined in the table below.

Typically, end hosts are connected to the enterprise network through a single router (first-hop router) that is in the same Local Area Network (LAN) segment. The most popular method of configuration is for the end hosts to configure statically this router as their default gateway. This minimizes configuration and processing overhead. As shown in Figure 1-8, the problem with this configuration is that it produces a single point of failure if this first-hop router fails.

The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol attempts to solve this problem by introducing the concept of a virtual router, composed of two or more VRRP routers on the same subnet as shown in Figure 1-9. The concept of a virtual IP address is also introduced, which is the address that end hosts configure as their default gateway. One of the routers called the “Master” forwards packets on behalf of this IP address.

As shown in Figure 1-10, if the Master router fails, one of the other routers (Backup) assumes forwarding responsibility for it.

At first glance, the configuration in might not seem very useful, as it doubles the cost, and leaves one router idle at all times. This, however, can be avoided by creating two virtual routers and splitting the traffic between them.

In this configuration, the end-hosts install a default route to the IP address of virtual router 1(VRID = 1), and both routers R1 and R2 run VRRP. R1 is configured to be the Owner for virtual router 1 (VRID = 1) and R2 as a Backup for virtual router 1. If R1 fails, R2 will take over virtual router 1 and its IP addresses, and provide uninterrupted service for the hosts. Configuring only one virtual router doubles the cost, and leaves R2 idle at all times.

In the previous, one virtual router example, R2 is not backed up by R1. This example illustrates how to back up R2 by configuring a second virtual router. In this configuration, R1 and R2 are two virtual routers, and the hosts split their traffic between R1 and R2. R1and R2 functions as backups for each other.

The following outputs on R1and R2 display the complete configuration for each session on R1 and R2. In session one, R1 is the master router, and in session two R2 is the master router.

In this configuration, Host B could be a gateway router. As such, interface eth1 on Routers R1, R2, and R3, and the gateway router, would run the IGP protocol.

The need for VRRP Interface Tracking arose because VRRPv3 was unable to track the gateway interface status. The VRRP Interface Tracking feature provides dynamic failover of an entire circuit, in the event that one member of the group fails. It introduces the concept of a circuit, where two or more Virtual Routers on a single system can be grouped. In the event that a failure occurs, and one of the Virtual Routers performs the Master to Backup transition, the other Virtual Routers in the group are notified, and are forced into the Master to Backup transition, so that both incoming and outgoing packets are routed through the same gateway router, eliminating the problem for Firewall/NAT environments.

To configure VRRP Interface Tracking, each circuit is configured to have a corresponding priority-delta value, which is passed to VRRP when a failure occurs. The priority of each Virtual Router on the circuit is decremented by the priority-delta value, causing the VR Master to VR Backup transition.

In this example, two routers, R1 and R2, are configured as backup routers with different priorities. The priority-delta value is configured to be greater than the difference of both the priorities. R1 is configured to have a priority of 150, and R2 has a priority of 50. R1, with a greater priority, is the Virtual Router Master. The priority-delta value is 110, greater than 100 (150 minus 50). On R1, when the external interface xe41, xe50/1 and xe50/2 fails, the priority of R1 becomes 40 (150 minus 110). Since R2 has a greater priority (50) than R1, R2 becomes the VR Master, and routing of packages continues without interruption. When this VR Backup (R1) is up again, it regains its original priority (150), and becomes the VR Master again.

This section contains VRRP Backward Compatibility configuration examples.

The backward compatibility feature which implements version 3 of VRRP protocol recognizes the presence of VRRP version 2 compatible routers in the network and performs all operations normally. This support is intended for upgrade scenarios and is not recommended for permanent deployments. This should only occur when a router is transitioning from VRRPv2 to VRRPv3.

VRRP Backward Compatibility is applicable only for VRRP IPv4.

This example illustrates a configuration of two routers between two end-hosts. R1 and R2 are two virtual routers functioning as backups for each other, with VRRP running on the 10.10.12.0/24 network (LAN), and OSPF running on the 10.10.10.0/24 network (ISP).

In Figure 1-15:

VRRP handles any failure of the Master’s link to the LAN. Failures in the OSPF network that could cause the Master to lose routing information would cause packets from Host 1 that are targeted for R3 to be dropped. Running VRRP on the OSPF network to create redundancy is undesirable, because doing so would cause erroneous VRRP packets to be sent to the ISP.

An alternative method to achieve redundancy is to run OSPF on the LAN side. By running OSPF on the LAN, any routing information lost by the Master would be regained from the Backup on the LAN interface, resulting in ICMP redirects to R2 for traffic received from Host 1. To reduce OSPF control traffic, R1 and R2 are configured as Area Border Routers (ABR), and the LAN is configured as a stub network to reduce LSA advertisement traffic on the LAN. Before enabling OSPF on the LAN, verify that VRRP is running with R1 as the Master and R2 as the Backup.

Steps to configure OSPF on the LAN are given below.

This section contains VRRP over MLAG configuration examples.

In this configuration TOR1 and TOR2 forms the VRRP master/backup relationship over MLAG interface.

This feature is used to track the state of an object for reachability using IP SLA. A client process such as Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), or RIB, registers itself to track objects and then get notified when a state change occurs.

IP SLA (Service-Level Assurance Protocol) is a Performance Measurement protocol. The protocol is used to Analyze IP Service Levels for IP applications and services. IP SLA's uses active traffic-monitoring technology to monitor continuous traffic on the network. 

IP SLA uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) pings to identify a link failure and notifies to the clients that are registered for tracking. IP SLA is supported from OcNOS 5.0.

The Object Tracking feature provides complete separation between the objects to be tracked and the action to be taken by a client when a tracked object state changes. Thus, several clients such as VRRP, or RIB can register their interest with the tracking process, track the same object, and each take different action when the object changes. The Tracking feature is present in OAMD.

Each tracked object is identified by a unique number that is specified on the tracking CLI. Client processes use this number to track a specific object.

The tracking process processes events from the tracked objects and notes any change of value. The changes in the tracked object are communicated to interested client processes, either immediately or after a specified delay. The object values are reported as either up or down.

To configure VRRP Object Tracking, the object is configured to have a priority-delta value, which is passed to VRRP when a failure occurs. The priority of Virtual Router on the circuit is decremented by the priority- delta value, causing the VR Master to VR Backup transition.

In this example, two routers, R1 and R2, are configured as Master and backup routers with different priorities respectively. The priority-delta value is configured to be greater than the difference of both the priorities. R1 is configured to have a priority of 150, and R2 has a priority of 100. R1, with a greater priority, is the Virtual Router Master. The priority-delta value is 60, greater than 50 (150 minus 100). On R1, when the external interface xe41 fails, the Track state becomes DOWN and the priority of R1 becomes 90 (150 minus 60). Since R2 has a greater priority (100) than R1, R2 becomes the VR Master, and routing of packages continues without interruption. When the track state comes UP this VR Backup (R1) is UP again, it regains its original priority (150), and becomes the VR Master again.

 

 

After shut down the tracked Object (xe41) in R1: